Preguntas Examen ENARM
Total: 200 Preguntas
Pregunta 1: "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial": BACKGROUND: Rosiglitazone is an insulin sensitiser used in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or both, for lowering blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. We assessed cardiovascular outcomes after addition of rosiglitazone to either metformin or sulfonylurea compared with the combination of the two over 5-7 years of follow-up. We also assessed comparative safety. METHODS:In a multicentre, open-label trial, 4447 patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy with mean haemoglobin A1c of 7.9% were randomly assigned to addition of rosiglitazone (n=2220) or to a combination of metformin and sulfonylurea (active control group, n=2227). The primary endpoint was cardiovascular hospitalisation or cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio (HR) non-inferiority margin of 1.20. Analysis was by intention to treat. What was the main porpouse of the study?
1) To treat patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Pregunta 2: "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial": BACKGROUND: Rosiglitazone is an insulin sensitiser used in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or both, for lowering blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. We assessed cardiovascular outcomes after addition of rosiglitazone to either metformin or sulfonylurea compared with the combination of the two over 5-7 years of follow-up. We also assessed comparative safety. METHODS:In a multicentre, open-label trial, 4447 patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy with mean haemoglobin A1c of 7.9% were randomly assigned to addition of rosiglitazone (n=2220) or to a combination of metformin and sulfonylurea (active control group, n=2227). The primary endpoint was cardiovascular hospitalisation or cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio (HR) non-inferiority margin of 1.20. Analysis was by intention to treat. Rosiglitazone is an insuline sensitiser used:
1) Lower insuline in people with type 2 Diabetes
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Pregunta 3: "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial": BACKGROUND: Rosiglitazone is an insulin sensitiser used in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or both, for lowering blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. We assessed cardiovascular outcomes after addition of rosiglitazone to either metformin or sulfonylurea compared with the combination of the two over 5-7 years of follow-up. We also assessed comparative safety. METHODS:In a multicentre, open-label trial, 4447 patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy with mean haemoglobin A1c of 7.9% were randomly assigned to addition of rosiglitazone (n=2220) or to a combination of metformin and sulfonylurea (active control group, n=2227). The primary endpoint was cardiovascular hospitalisation or cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio (HR) non-inferiority margin of 1.20. Analysis was by intention to treat. What did the two groups had in common?
1) Participants were given sulfonylurea.
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Pregunta 4: "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial". FINDINGS: 321 people in the rosiglitazone group and 323 in the active control group experienced the primary outcome during a mean 5.5-year follow-up, meeting the criterion of non-inferiority (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.85-1.16). HR was 0.84 (0.59-1.18) for cardiovascular death, 1.14 (0.80-1.63) for myocardial infarction, and 0.72 (0.49-1.06) for stroke. Heart failure causing admission to hospital or death occurred in 61 people in the rosiglitazone group and 29 in the active control group (HR 2.10, 1.35-3.27, risk difference per 1000 person-years 2.6, 1.1-4.1). Upper and distal lower limb fracture rates were increased mainly in women randomly assigned to rosiglitazone. Mean HbA(1c) was lower in the rosiglitazone group than in the control group at 5 years. What does the author conclude regarding the safety of rosiglitazone in glucose-lowering therapy for patients with type-2 diabetes?
1) The percentage of patients resulting in heart failure was very high for both groups.
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Pregunta 5: "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial". INTERPRETATION: Addition of rosiglitazone to glucose-lowering therapy in people with type 2 diabetes is confirmed to increase the risk of heart failure and of some fractures, mainly in women. Although the data are inconclusive about any possible effect on myocardial infarction, rosiglitazone does not increase the risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality compared with standard glucose-lowering drugs. Addition rosiglitazone to glucose lowering therapy in people with type 2 diabetes is confirmed to:
1) Increase the risk of heart failure and of some fractures, mainly in men.
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Pregunta 6: "Pigmentary disorders in latin america", Falabella. Pityriasis alba is a common disorder observed in latin american patients. Lesions disclose hypopigmentation, mainly observed on facial areas and sunlight exposed surface of arms and forearms; those on the trunk and lower extremities are less common. an atopic diathesis is present in most patients, and the condition frequently develops in children and young adults. Pityriasis alba is a common disorder frequently observed in:
1) Arms and legs.
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Pregunta 7: "Pigmentary disorders in latin america", Falabella. Pityriasis alba is a common disorder observed in latin american patients. The average lesion begins with a slightly hypopigmented macule that enlarges gradually from 1 cm to 3 cm and may coalesce with neighboring macules, resulting in larger hypopigmented defects. The average lesion begins with a slightly hypopigmented spot that:
1) Grows from 1 to 3 cm.
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Pregunta 8: "Pigmentary disorders in latin america", Falabella. Pityriasis alba is a common disorder observed in latin american patients. Lesions disclose hypopigmentation, mainly observed on facial areas and sunlight exposed surface of arms and forearms; Although pa improves spontaneously after puberty, low potency corticosteroids, such as 1% hydrocortisone or 0.5% desonide, frequent emollient application, and sunlight avoidance/protection are useful to control this disorder. To control this disorder it is useful to:
1) Use anon frequent emollient application.
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Pregunta 9: "Pigmentary disorders in latin america", Falabella. Pityriasis alba is a common disorder observed in latin american patients. Skin contact with diverse chemicals may induce acquired hypopigmentation, which may occur either during professional activities or as an incidental event. areas of contact, such as hands and feet, may become affected with or without initial dermatitis, and thereafter hypopigmentation occurs. Hypopigmentation occurs when:
1) Skin has contact with diverse chemicals
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Pregunta 10: "Pigmentary disorders in latin america", Falabella. Pityriasis alba is a common disorder observed in latin american patients. Macular lesions show different grades of hypopigmentation or true depigmentation indistinguishable from vitiligo; Pityriasis alba is dangerous because:
1) Patients become intolerant to light.
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Pregunta 11: "Upper respiratory tract infections in children". Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. On average, children experience around six to eight upper respiratory tract infections (URTIS) each year. Although these infections usually are mild and self limiting, they occasionally lead to complications that can be life threatening. Most URTIS can be placed within three main categories of infection: rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, and otitis media. Within each category of illness there is a range of related conditions that may have similar or overlapping clinical presentations. Some judgment is required in determining which part of the respiratory mucosa is most affected. Why are upper respiratory tract infections so difficult to diagnose in children?
1) They get many of them.
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Pregunta 12: "Upper respiratory tract infections in children". Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. On average, children experience around six to eight upper respiratory tract infections (URTIS) each year. The term "pharyngitis" is used to describe illnesses when sore throat is most prominent (including tonsillitis). The term "otitis media" is used to describe illnesses with predominantly middle ear symptoms. Children who have cough as the predominant symptom are considered to have "bronchitis" (a lower respiratory tract infection). To make matters more complicated, all areas of the respiratory mucosa may be affected, simultaneously or at different times, during one illness. An example of a lower respiratory infection is:
1) Nasopharyngitis.
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Pregunta 13: "Upper respiratory tract infections in children". Some judgment is required in determining which part of the respiratory mucosa is most affected. To make matters more complicated, all areas of the respiratory mucosa may be affected, simultaneously or at different times, during one illness. The cause of these respiratory mucosal infections most commonly is viral but can be bacterial and many infections involve both viruses and bacteria. Persistent disease is most likely to indicate a bacterial infection. The cause of the illness in respiratory infections is best determined by the:
1) Symptoms.
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Pregunta 14: "Upper respiratory tract infections in children". Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. On average, children experience around six to eight upper respiratory tract infections (URTIS) each year. Although these infections usually are mild and self limiting, they occasionally lead to complications that can be life threatening. Most URTIS can be placed within three main categories of infection: rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, and otitis media. Within each category of illness there is a range of related conditions that may have similar or overlapping clinical presentations. Some judgment is required in determining which part of the respiratory mucosa is most affected. In this article, the term "rhinosinusitis" is used to describe illnesses with predominantly nasal symptoms (Including the common cold, nasopharyngitis, and sinusitis). The term "pharyngitis" is used to describe illnesses when sore throat is most prominent (including tonsillitis). The term "otitis media" is used to describe illnesses with predominantly middle ear symptoms (including acute otitis media [aom], otitis media with effusion [ome], and chronic suppurative otitis media [csom]). The main area affected in infections termed "otitis media" is the:
1) Eye.
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Pregunta 15: "Upper respiratory tract infections in children". Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. Some judgment is required in determining which part of the respiratory mucosa is most affected. In this article, the term "rhinosinusitis" is used to describe illnesses with predominantly nasal symptoms (Including the common cold, nasopharyngitis, and sinusitis). The term "pharyngitis" is used to describe illnesses when sore throat is most prominent (including tonsillitis). The term "otitis media" is used to describe illnesses with predominantly middle ear symptoms (including acute otitis media [AOM], otitis media with effusion [OME], and chronic suppurative otitis media [CSOM]). OME, AOM, And SCOM all belong to the family of the infection called:
1) Bronchitis.
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